What Are Opioids?
Opioids are a class of drugs derived from the opium poppy plant or synthesised in a laboratory. They are commonly used to treat pain but can also be highly addictive.
Common examples of opioids include:
- Heroin: An illicit drug.
- Morphine: A powerful pain reliever.
- Prescription Painkillers: Such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl, which are prescribed by doctors to manage pain.
Routes of Administration
Opioids can be taken orally, inhaled, or injected.
Effects of Opioids
Opioids bind to opioid receptors in the brain, producing various effects, including:
- Pain Relief: Effective in reducing pain.
- Euphoria: A sense of well-being or pleasure.
- Sedation: Feelings of drowsiness or sleepiness.
- Respiratory Depression: Slowed breathing, which can be life-threatening.
Risks of Opioid Use
- Addiction: Opioids are highly addictive, and dependence can develop rapidly.
- Overdose: Overdosing on opioids can be fatal due to respiratory depression.
- Withdrawal Symptoms: Severe withdrawal symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, chills, and muscle aches.
- Health Complications: Long-term use can lead to liver and kidney damage, heart disease, and chronic pain.
- Infectious Diseases: Users who inject opioids are at increased risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C.
Harm Reduction Advice for Opioid Use
- Start Low, Go Slow: Begin with a small dose and wait to assess its effects before taking more.
- Avoid Mixing: Do not mix opioids with other depressants, such as alcohol or benzodiazepines.
- Test Your Drugs: If possible, test your substances to ensure they are what you expect.
- Carry a Naloxone Kit: Naloxone is a medication that can reverse an opioid overdose and save lives.
